Xenia's Killer Tornado!!
It was 1974. Richard Nixon was still president. Kidnapped heiress Patty Hearst was still missing. In Xenia, a pretty spot of 25,000 people amid fields of soybeans and corn, American Graffiti was held over at the Cinema. The Xenia Hotel offered a chicken and dumpling dinner for $2.25, but everyone flocked to the A&W drive-in for burgers and root beer floats. That's where five of the bodies were found after the storm.
In all, 33 people died in Xenia's tornado, the deadliest of 148 storms that raged through 13 states during the infamous "Super Outbreak'' of tornadoes April 3-4, 1974. In 16 hours and 10 minutes, 330 people were killed and nearly 5,550 were injured from Illinois to Georgia.
Though the Xenia death toll has been matched by other killer storms, the degree of devastation makes the city's tornado among U.S. history's most destructive. The storm still is studied in colleges by aspiring meteorologists, a textbook case of a rare Category F-5, the most intense of tornadoes.
Sunday, February 15, 2009
SHARK =reading
1.
Just the mention of the word "shark" still strikes fear into the hearts of most people. The word evokes images of huge man-eaters, like the great white shark in the movie Jaws, that attack swimmers and divers, tear them to pieces or even swallow them whole. Such brutal attacks can and do occur but not to the extent that most of us imagine. In 1995 The International Shark Attack File recorded 59 shark attacks worldwide of which only ten resulted in fatalities. When you consider how many millions of people work and play in the seas and oceans, such a small number of attacks hardly justifies the shark's terrible reputation. The fact is, sharks rarely attack humans, and when they do, it is for reasons which seem incompatible with our general perception of these creatures as ferocious man-eaters.
2.
One reason sharks attack is territoriality. Sharks, like many other creatures, including us humans, are territorial, and we should be cautious when we swim, surf or dive in areas of the ocean where sharks are common. It is their element, not ours. Sharks are basically curious but usually avoid confrontation. They have a special body language that tells other sharks or large sea confrontation to keep away from their space. Of course, most of us don't understand these signals and if we stay too long in a shark's space, it may attack us. Divers who explore wrecks or reefs are very vulnerable to this type of attack.
Just the mention of the word "shark" still strikes fear into the hearts of most people. The word evokes images of huge man-eaters, like the great white shark in the movie Jaws, that attack swimmers and divers, tear them to pieces or even swallow them whole. Such brutal attacks can and do occur but not to the extent that most of us imagine. In 1995 The International Shark Attack File recorded 59 shark attacks worldwide of which only ten resulted in fatalities. When you consider how many millions of people work and play in the seas and oceans, such a small number of attacks hardly justifies the shark's terrible reputation. The fact is, sharks rarely attack humans, and when they do, it is for reasons which seem incompatible with our general perception of these creatures as ferocious man-eaters.
2.
One reason sharks attack is territoriality. Sharks, like many other creatures, including us humans, are territorial, and we should be cautious when we swim, surf or dive in areas of the ocean where sharks are common. It is their element, not ours. Sharks are basically curious but usually avoid confrontation. They have a special body language that tells other sharks or large sea confrontation to keep away from their space. Of course, most of us don't understand these signals and if we stay too long in a shark's space, it may attack us. Divers who explore wrecks or reefs are very vulnerable to this type of attack.
Saturday, February 14, 2009
Figure of speech
Top 20 Figures of Speech
1. Alliteration
Repetition of an initial consonant sound.
2. Anaphora
Repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses.
3. Antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.
4. Apostrophe
Breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character.
5. Assonance
Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.
6. Chiasmus
A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.
7. Euphemism
The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
8. Hyperbole
An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.
9. Irony
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
10. Litotes
A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
11. Metaphor
An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common.
12. Metonymy
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it.
13. Onomatopoeia
The formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.
14. Oxymoron
A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.
15. Paradox
A statement that appears to contradict itself.
16. Personification
A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities.
17. Pun
A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.
18. Simile
A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common.
19. Synechdoche
A figure of speech is which a part is used to represent the whole, the whole for a part, the specific for the general, the general for the specific, or the material for the thing made from it.
20. Understatement
A figure of speech in which a writer or a speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.
Quiz
1. Well, son, I'll tell you:
Life for me ain't been no crystal stair.
It's had tacks in it,
And splinters,
And boards torn up,
And places with no carpet on the floor--
Bare.
(Langston Highes, "Mother to Son")
(a) synecdoche
(b) metaphor
(c) irony
(d) pun
2. substituting the word “euthanasia” for “mercy killing" or "killing the terminally ill"
(a) hyperbole
(b) euphemism
(c) assonance
(d) oxymoron
3. I had so much homework last night that I needed a pickup truck to carry all my books home!
(a) synechdoche
(b) onomatopoeia
(c) pun
(d) hyperbole
4. The chug-a, chug-a, chug-a of the train echoed down the hill, while a cloud of smoke rose up to the blue western sky.
(a) simile
(b) metonymy
(c) anaphora
(d) onomatopoeia
5. O Western wind, when wilt thou blow
That the small rain down can rain?
Christ, that my love were in my arms,
And I in my bed again!
(Anonymous, "O Western Wind")
(a) litotes
(b) paradox
(c) apostrophe
(d) anaphora
6. We talked with each other about each other
Though neither of us spoke —
(Emily Dickinson)
(a) metonymy
(b) paradox
(c) synecdoche
(d) personification
7. The earth laughs beneath my heavy feet
At the blasphemy in my old jangly walk
(Billy Corgan, "Thirty-three")
(a) euphemism
(b) simile
(c) antithesis
(d) personification
8. I dig my toes into the sand.
The ocean looks like
A thousand diamonds strewn
Across a blue blanket.
(Incubus, "Wish You Were Here")
(a) chiasmus
(b) simile
(c) onomatopoeia
(d) synecdoche
9. And he was rich, yes, richer than a king,
And admirably schooled in every grace:
In fine--we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.
So on we worked and waited for the light,
And went without the meat and cursed the bread,
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet in his head.
(E. A. Robinson, "Richard Cory")
(a) chiasmus
(b) litotes
(c) antithesis
(d) irony
1. Alliteration
Repetition of an initial consonant sound.
2. Anaphora
Repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses.
3. Antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.
4. Apostrophe
Breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character.
5. Assonance
Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.
6. Chiasmus
A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.
7. Euphemism
The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
8. Hyperbole
An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect.
9. Irony
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.
10. Litotes
A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
11. Metaphor
An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common.
12. Metonymy
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it.
13. Onomatopoeia
The formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.
14. Oxymoron
A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.
15. Paradox
A statement that appears to contradict itself.
16. Personification
A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities.
17. Pun
A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.
18. Simile
A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common.
19. Synechdoche
A figure of speech is which a part is used to represent the whole, the whole for a part, the specific for the general, the general for the specific, or the material for the thing made from it.
20. Understatement
A figure of speech in which a writer or a speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.
Quiz
1. Well, son, I'll tell you:
Life for me ain't been no crystal stair.
It's had tacks in it,
And splinters,
And boards torn up,
And places with no carpet on the floor--
Bare.
(Langston Highes, "Mother to Son")
(a) synecdoche
(b) metaphor
(c) irony
(d) pun
2. substituting the word “euthanasia” for “mercy killing" or "killing the terminally ill"
(a) hyperbole
(b) euphemism
(c) assonance
(d) oxymoron
3. I had so much homework last night that I needed a pickup truck to carry all my books home!
(a) synechdoche
(b) onomatopoeia
(c) pun
(d) hyperbole
4. The chug-a, chug-a, chug-a of the train echoed down the hill, while a cloud of smoke rose up to the blue western sky.
(a) simile
(b) metonymy
(c) anaphora
(d) onomatopoeia
5. O Western wind, when wilt thou blow
That the small rain down can rain?
Christ, that my love were in my arms,
And I in my bed again!
(Anonymous, "O Western Wind")
(a) litotes
(b) paradox
(c) apostrophe
(d) anaphora
6. We talked with each other about each other
Though neither of us spoke —
(Emily Dickinson)
(a) metonymy
(b) paradox
(c) synecdoche
(d) personification
7. The earth laughs beneath my heavy feet
At the blasphemy in my old jangly walk
(Billy Corgan, "Thirty-three")
(a) euphemism
(b) simile
(c) antithesis
(d) personification
8. I dig my toes into the sand.
The ocean looks like
A thousand diamonds strewn
Across a blue blanket.
(Incubus, "Wish You Were Here")
(a) chiasmus
(b) simile
(c) onomatopoeia
(d) synecdoche
9. And he was rich, yes, richer than a king,
And admirably schooled in every grace:
In fine--we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.
So on we worked and waited for the light,
And went without the meat and cursed the bread,
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet in his head.
(E. A. Robinson, "Richard Cory")
(a) chiasmus
(b) litotes
(c) antithesis
(d) irony
Land forms
lambak
lamb´ak n. valley
gulod
gul´od n. hill top
burol
bur´ol n. hill
bundok
bund´ok n. mountain
patag
p´atag kapat´agan (ka-an) n. plain, lowland adj. smooth, level, even
anyong lupa
Kapatagan — isang lugar kung saan walang pagtaas o pagbaba ng lupa, patag at pantay ang lupa rito. Maaaring itong taniman ng mga palay,mais,at gulay.
• Bundok — isang pagtaas ng lupa sa daigdig, may matatarik na bahagi at hamak na mas mataas kaysa burol.
• Bulkan — isang uri ng bundok sa daigdig na kung saan ang tunaw na bato ay maaaring lumabas dito mula sa kailaliman ng daigdig. May dalawang uri ng bulkan, una ang tinatawag na tahimik na kung saan matagal na hindi ito sumasabog, tulad ng Bulkang Makiling na matatagpuan sa lalawigan ng Laguna; at ang ikalawang uri naman ay aktibo na kung saan maaari itong sumabog anumang oras. Mapanganib ang ganitong bulkan. Maaari itong sumabog at magbuga ng kumukulong putik at abo. Halimbawa nito ay ang bulkang Pinatubo.
• Burol — higit na mas mababa ito kaysa bundok at ang halimbawa nito ay ang tanyag na Chocolate Hills ng Bohol sa Pilipinas. Pabilog ang hugis nito at tinutubuan ng mga luntiang damo sa panahon ng tag-ulan at kung tag-araw ay nagiging kulay tsokolate.
• Lambak (Valley) — isang kapatagan ngunit napaliligiran ng mga bundok. Marami ring mga produkto tulad ng gulay, tabako, mani, mais, at palay ang maaaring itanim dito.
• Talampas (Plateau) — patag na anyong lupa sa mataas na lugar. Maganda ring taniman dahil mataba ang lupa rito. Malamig at mahangin sa lugar na ito.
• Tangway(Peninsula) — isang pahaba at naka-usling anyong lupang na halos napalilibutan ng tubig.
• Baybayin (coast/seashore)— bahagi ng lupa na malapit sa tabing dagat
• Bulubundukin (mountain ridges)matataa at matatrik na bundok na magkakadikit
• Pulo — mga lupain na napalilibutan ng tubig.
• Yungib — mga likas na butas na may sapat na laki at lawak na maaaring pasukin ng tao at hayop.
Anyong tubig
batis
b´atis n. stream, creek,
look
lo´ok n. bay, gulf
lawa
l´awa' n. lake, pool, lagoon
bukal,
a small stream of water coming from the earth: spring
talon
tal´on n. waterfall
sapa
s´apa' n. brook, creek, stream
TERMS FROM THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
1. Cavite Mutiny - Filipino soldiers in the fort of San Felipe in Cavite rose in mutiny under the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid. The cause was the abolition of some privileges of the Filipinos. GOMBURZA were arrested and killed because of the suspicion that they were involved in the said mutiny.
2. El Filibusterismo - Rizal's second novel, published in 1891 in Belgium, with the financial support of Valentin Ventura, who lent him the money to print the book. Rizal dedicated this book to Gomburza, the three martyr-priests. This is a political novel in which Rizal predicted the coming of the revolution.
3. Insulares - Spaniards born in the Philippines.
4. Kalayaan - Newspaper of the Katipunan, which first came out on January 18,1896, with Emilio Jacinto as editor.
5. Katipunan - The secret revolutionary movement founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7,1892 in Tondo,Manila. It means KATAASTAASAN KAGALANG-GALANG NA KATIPUNAN NANG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN. It laid down three fundamental objectives: Political,Moral and Civic. The political aim consisted in working for the separation of the Philippines from Spain. The moral objective focused on the teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals and attacking obscurantism,religious,fanatism, and weaknesses of character. The civic aim revolved around the principle of self-help and the defense of the poor and the oppressed.
6. La Liga Filipina - Founded by Rizal on July 3,1892, in Tondo, Manila, its aims were:
o to unite the whole archipelago into one compact,vigorous, and homogenous body;
o mutual protection in every want and necessity;
o defense against all violence and injustice;
o encouragement of instruction,agriculture, and commerce; and
o study and application of reforms.
7. La Solidaridad - Organ of the Reform Movement in Spain, with Graciano Lopez-Jaena as its first editor. Its first issue came out on February 15,1889. Its aim was to gather, to collect liberal ideas which were daily exposed in the camp of politics, in the field of science, arts, letters, commerce, agriculture, and industry. Known as Sol to the propagandists, it became the mouthpiece of the Filipinos in Spain.
8. Magdalo - One faction of the Katipunan in Cavite, led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, with headquarters in Kawit,Cavite.
9. Magdiwang - The other Katipunan faction in Cavite, led by Mariano Alvarez, with headquarters in Noveleta, Cavite.
10. Noli Me Tangere - Rizal's masterpiece, published in 1887. This is a sociohistorical novel based on facts that Rizal gathered while in the Philippines. It is a novel, but not fiction. The novel gained popularity immediately, but the Spanish authorities, especially the friars whom Rizal ridiculed in the novel, prohibited its reading.
11. Pact of Biak-na-Bato - Agreement made between the Filipinos and the Spaniards, mediated by Pedro Paterno, wherein Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile in Hong Kong while Governor Gen. Primo de Rivera would pay cash money to the rebels.
12. Palabra de Honor - Word of honor, or keeping one's promises.
13. Peninsulares - Spaniards born in Spain.
14. Spolarium - The most famous painting of Juan Luna.
15. The True Decalogue - A political tract written by Apolinario Mabini which became the bible of the Filipino rebels.
16. Thomasites - American teachers who came to the Philippines in 1901 to teach English to the Filipinos. The first batch of these teachers arrived aboard the American ship Thomas, hence, they were called Thomasites.
latitud –mga pahalang na linya sa mapa o globo.
Ang latitud ang nagbibigay ng lokasyong hilaga o timog ng ekwador.
Ito rin ang mga linyang ginagamit upang tukuyin ang klima sa isang bahagi ng mundo.
Mayroong 3 pangunahing latitud ang globo:
Ekwador (0)
Tropiko ng Kanser (23.5)
Tropiko ng Kaprikorn (23.5)
longhitud –mga pababang linya sa mapa o globo.
Ito ang nagbibigay direksyon sa silangan o kanluran.
Ang mga longhitud ang ginagamit upang tukuyin ang oras sa bawat bahagi ng mundo.
Ang bawat longhitud na isang digri ang layo ay may distansiyang 111.32 km.
Sa mga polo nagtatagpo ang mga meridian. Bawat digri ng longhitud ay nahahati sa 60 minuto.
Ang Pilipinas ay nasa pagitan ng 4’23 at 21’30 hilagang latitud at 116’00 at 127’00 silangang longhitud.
Ang Pilipinas ay bansang tropikal.
2 Uri ng Panahon
Tag-init: Abril, Mayo at Hunyo; Tag-ulan: Hunyo- Disyembre
El Nino at La Nina, Global Warming
Dalawang direksyon ng hanging umiihip sa Pilipinas
Habagat –mula Timog-Kanluran, Hunyo-Oktubre
Amihan –mula Hilagang-Silangan, Disyembre-Marso
1)prime meridian at
2) international date line
. ang limang guhit sa guhit latitud ay
1)kabilugang antarctic
2)tropiko ng kapricorn
3)ekwador = ekwador o equator ay isang kathang-isip na bilog na ginuguhit sa palibot ng isang planeta (o ibang astronomikal na bagay) sa layong kalahati sa pagitan ng mga dulo ng mundo (pole). Hinahati ng ekwador ang planeta sa Hilagang Hemisperyo at Katimogang Hemisperyo. Ang latitud ng ekwador ay, sa kahulugan, 0°. Nasa 40,075.0 km, o 24,901.5 milya ang haba ng ekwador ng daigdig.
4)tropiko ng kanser
5)kabilugang arctic
Sangay ng gobyerno sa Pilipinas
1. ehekutibo (executive) - kinabibilangan ng pangulo, pangalawang pangulo, at mga kagawaran at ahensiya ng pamahalaan
2. lehislatibo (legistlative) - kinabibilangan ng mababa at mataas na kapulungan (kongreso at senado)
3. hudisyal (judicial) - kinabibilangan ng korte suprema (mga punong mahistrado) at iba pang mga korte at mga hukom nito. Kilalarin sa tawag n mahistrado.
MGA URI NG PAMAHALAAN........
MONARKIYA- kapag iisa lang ang may hawak ng pamahalaan. ang pamunuan ay naipamamana sa mga anak.
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHI- pinamumunuan ito ng hari at reyna ngunit ang kapangyarihan ay itinakda ng konstitusyon.
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY- maihahalintulad sa isang diktator siya ang tanging may kapangyarihang pampamahalaan.
ARISTOKRASYA- ang kapangyarihan ay hawak ng ilang mayaman o matalinong pangkat.
OLIGARKYA- ang kapangyarihan ay hawak ng ilang mayaman o matalinong pangkat.
PLUTOKRASYA- ang kapangyarihan ay nasa pinaka mayamang o matalinong pangkat.
DIKTATORYAL- ang kapangyarihan ay nasa diktador.
TOTALITAYAN- ay isang pamahalaan na ang namumuno ay isang pangkat o grupo.
DEMOKRATIKO- ang kapangyarihan ng pamahalaan ay nasa tao,.
PAMPANGULUHAN- ang pinakamataas na pinuno any pangulo.
YUNITARYO- ang pinagmumulan ng mga ipinatutupad na gawain ay ang sentral o pambansang pamahalaan.
PEDERAL- ang kapangyarihan ay nahahati sa dalawa pambansang nasyonal at pamahalaang lokal.
TEOKRASYA- kung saan kinikilala ang pinuno bilang panginoon at mga diwata o mga anito.
FEUDALISMO- pinamumunuan ng legal at militar, sinusunod na batas ay militar.
KOMUNISTA- pamahalaan kung saan isang partido lamang ang sistema at ang pagkakaroon ng pantay- pantay sa lahat.
KRITORCHY- isang sistemang pulitekal kung saan tumatangap ng pantay-pantay sa hustisya sa lahat ng konseptong karapatang natural.
OESPOTIOMO- pinamumunuan ng isang autoridad.
COOPORATOCRACY- nag lalarawan ng pamumuno ng isang korporasyon.
KRYTOCRACY- pinamumunuan ng nmga hurado.
PARLAMENTARYO- pinaka mataas na pinuno ay punong ministro.
AUTHORITARIANISM- ang kapangyarihan ay kinokontrol sa pamamagitan ng pagsunod sa isang autoridad ng estado o orginasyon.
Three of the most significant imaginary lines running across the surface of the earth are the equator, the Tropic of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn. While the equator is the longest line of latitude on the earth (the line where the earth is widest in an east-west direction), the tropics are based on the sun's position in relation to the earth at two points of the year.
The equator is located at zero degrees latitude. The equator divides the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn each lie at 23.5 degrees latitude. The Tropic of Cancer is located at 23.5° North of the equator and runs through Mexico, the Bahamas, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, and southern China. The Tropic of Capricorn lies at 23.5° South of the equator and runs through Australia, Chile, southern Brazil (Brazil is the only country that passes through both the equator and a tropic), and northern South Africa.
The tropics are the two lines where the sun is directly overhead at noon on the two solstices - near June and December 21.
The sun is directly overhead at noon on the Tropic of Cancer on June 21 (the beginning of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of winter in the Southern Hemisphere) and
the sun is directly overhead at noon on the Tropic of Capricorn on December 21 (the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of summer in the Southern Hemisphere).
The area bounded by the Tropic of Cancer on the north and Tropic of Capricorn on the south is known as the "tropics." This area does not experience seasons because the sun is always high in the sky. Only higher latitudes, north of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of Capricorn, experience significant seasonal variation in climate.
While the equator divides the earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, it is the Prime Meridian at zero degrees longitude and the line of longitude opposite the Prime Meridian (near the International Date Line) at 180 degrees longitude that divides the earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The Eastern Hemisphere consists of Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia while the Western Hemisphere includes North and South America. Some geographers place the boundaries between the hemispheres at 20° West and 160° East so as to not run through Europe and Africa.
lambak
lamb´ak n. valley
gulod
gul´od n. hill top
burol
bur´ol n. hill
bundok
bund´ok n. mountain
patag
p´atag kapat´agan (ka-an) n. plain, lowland adj. smooth, level, even
anyong lupa
Kapatagan — isang lugar kung saan walang pagtaas o pagbaba ng lupa, patag at pantay ang lupa rito. Maaaring itong taniman ng mga palay,mais,at gulay.
• Bundok — isang pagtaas ng lupa sa daigdig, may matatarik na bahagi at hamak na mas mataas kaysa burol.
• Bulkan — isang uri ng bundok sa daigdig na kung saan ang tunaw na bato ay maaaring lumabas dito mula sa kailaliman ng daigdig. May dalawang uri ng bulkan, una ang tinatawag na tahimik na kung saan matagal na hindi ito sumasabog, tulad ng Bulkang Makiling na matatagpuan sa lalawigan ng Laguna; at ang ikalawang uri naman ay aktibo na kung saan maaari itong sumabog anumang oras. Mapanganib ang ganitong bulkan. Maaari itong sumabog at magbuga ng kumukulong putik at abo. Halimbawa nito ay ang bulkang Pinatubo.
• Burol — higit na mas mababa ito kaysa bundok at ang halimbawa nito ay ang tanyag na Chocolate Hills ng Bohol sa Pilipinas. Pabilog ang hugis nito at tinutubuan ng mga luntiang damo sa panahon ng tag-ulan at kung tag-araw ay nagiging kulay tsokolate.
• Lambak (Valley) — isang kapatagan ngunit napaliligiran ng mga bundok. Marami ring mga produkto tulad ng gulay, tabako, mani, mais, at palay ang maaaring itanim dito.
• Talampas (Plateau) — patag na anyong lupa sa mataas na lugar. Maganda ring taniman dahil mataba ang lupa rito. Malamig at mahangin sa lugar na ito.
• Tangway(Peninsula) — isang pahaba at naka-usling anyong lupang na halos napalilibutan ng tubig.
• Baybayin (coast/seashore)— bahagi ng lupa na malapit sa tabing dagat
• Bulubundukin (mountain ridges)matataa at matatrik na bundok na magkakadikit
• Pulo — mga lupain na napalilibutan ng tubig.
• Yungib — mga likas na butas na may sapat na laki at lawak na maaaring pasukin ng tao at hayop.
Anyong tubig
batis
b´atis n. stream, creek,
look
lo´ok n. bay, gulf
lawa
l´awa' n. lake, pool, lagoon
bukal,
a small stream of water coming from the earth: spring
talon
tal´on n. waterfall
sapa
s´apa' n. brook, creek, stream
TERMS FROM THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
1. Cavite Mutiny - Filipino soldiers in the fort of San Felipe in Cavite rose in mutiny under the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid. The cause was the abolition of some privileges of the Filipinos. GOMBURZA were arrested and killed because of the suspicion that they were involved in the said mutiny.
2. El Filibusterismo - Rizal's second novel, published in 1891 in Belgium, with the financial support of Valentin Ventura, who lent him the money to print the book. Rizal dedicated this book to Gomburza, the three martyr-priests. This is a political novel in which Rizal predicted the coming of the revolution.
3. Insulares - Spaniards born in the Philippines.
4. Kalayaan - Newspaper of the Katipunan, which first came out on January 18,1896, with Emilio Jacinto as editor.
5. Katipunan - The secret revolutionary movement founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7,1892 in Tondo,Manila. It means KATAASTAASAN KAGALANG-GALANG NA KATIPUNAN NANG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN. It laid down three fundamental objectives: Political,Moral and Civic. The political aim consisted in working for the separation of the Philippines from Spain. The moral objective focused on the teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals and attacking obscurantism,religious,fanatism, and weaknesses of character. The civic aim revolved around the principle of self-help and the defense of the poor and the oppressed.
6. La Liga Filipina - Founded by Rizal on July 3,1892, in Tondo, Manila, its aims were:
o to unite the whole archipelago into one compact,vigorous, and homogenous body;
o mutual protection in every want and necessity;
o defense against all violence and injustice;
o encouragement of instruction,agriculture, and commerce; and
o study and application of reforms.
7. La Solidaridad - Organ of the Reform Movement in Spain, with Graciano Lopez-Jaena as its first editor. Its first issue came out on February 15,1889. Its aim was to gather, to collect liberal ideas which were daily exposed in the camp of politics, in the field of science, arts, letters, commerce, agriculture, and industry. Known as Sol to the propagandists, it became the mouthpiece of the Filipinos in Spain.
8. Magdalo - One faction of the Katipunan in Cavite, led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, with headquarters in Kawit,Cavite.
9. Magdiwang - The other Katipunan faction in Cavite, led by Mariano Alvarez, with headquarters in Noveleta, Cavite.
10. Noli Me Tangere - Rizal's masterpiece, published in 1887. This is a sociohistorical novel based on facts that Rizal gathered while in the Philippines. It is a novel, but not fiction. The novel gained popularity immediately, but the Spanish authorities, especially the friars whom Rizal ridiculed in the novel, prohibited its reading.
11. Pact of Biak-na-Bato - Agreement made between the Filipinos and the Spaniards, mediated by Pedro Paterno, wherein Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile in Hong Kong while Governor Gen. Primo de Rivera would pay cash money to the rebels.
12. Palabra de Honor - Word of honor, or keeping one's promises.
13. Peninsulares - Spaniards born in Spain.
14. Spolarium - The most famous painting of Juan Luna.
15. The True Decalogue - A political tract written by Apolinario Mabini which became the bible of the Filipino rebels.
16. Thomasites - American teachers who came to the Philippines in 1901 to teach English to the Filipinos. The first batch of these teachers arrived aboard the American ship Thomas, hence, they were called Thomasites.
latitud –mga pahalang na linya sa mapa o globo.
Ang latitud ang nagbibigay ng lokasyong hilaga o timog ng ekwador.
Ito rin ang mga linyang ginagamit upang tukuyin ang klima sa isang bahagi ng mundo.
Mayroong 3 pangunahing latitud ang globo:
Ekwador (0)
Tropiko ng Kanser (23.5)
Tropiko ng Kaprikorn (23.5)
longhitud –mga pababang linya sa mapa o globo.
Ito ang nagbibigay direksyon sa silangan o kanluran.
Ang mga longhitud ang ginagamit upang tukuyin ang oras sa bawat bahagi ng mundo.
Ang bawat longhitud na isang digri ang layo ay may distansiyang 111.32 km.
Sa mga polo nagtatagpo ang mga meridian. Bawat digri ng longhitud ay nahahati sa 60 minuto.
Ang Pilipinas ay nasa pagitan ng 4’23 at 21’30 hilagang latitud at 116’00 at 127’00 silangang longhitud.
Ang Pilipinas ay bansang tropikal.
2 Uri ng Panahon
Tag-init: Abril, Mayo at Hunyo; Tag-ulan: Hunyo- Disyembre
El Nino at La Nina, Global Warming
Dalawang direksyon ng hanging umiihip sa Pilipinas
Habagat –mula Timog-Kanluran, Hunyo-Oktubre
Amihan –mula Hilagang-Silangan, Disyembre-Marso
1)prime meridian at
2) international date line
. ang limang guhit sa guhit latitud ay
1)kabilugang antarctic
2)tropiko ng kapricorn
3)ekwador = ekwador o equator ay isang kathang-isip na bilog na ginuguhit sa palibot ng isang planeta (o ibang astronomikal na bagay) sa layong kalahati sa pagitan ng mga dulo ng mundo (pole). Hinahati ng ekwador ang planeta sa Hilagang Hemisperyo at Katimogang Hemisperyo. Ang latitud ng ekwador ay, sa kahulugan, 0°. Nasa 40,075.0 km, o 24,901.5 milya ang haba ng ekwador ng daigdig.
4)tropiko ng kanser
5)kabilugang arctic
Sangay ng gobyerno sa Pilipinas
1. ehekutibo (executive) - kinabibilangan ng pangulo, pangalawang pangulo, at mga kagawaran at ahensiya ng pamahalaan
2. lehislatibo (legistlative) - kinabibilangan ng mababa at mataas na kapulungan (kongreso at senado)
3. hudisyal (judicial) - kinabibilangan ng korte suprema (mga punong mahistrado) at iba pang mga korte at mga hukom nito. Kilalarin sa tawag n mahistrado.
MGA URI NG PAMAHALAAN........
MONARKIYA- kapag iisa lang ang may hawak ng pamahalaan. ang pamunuan ay naipamamana sa mga anak.
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHI- pinamumunuan ito ng hari at reyna ngunit ang kapangyarihan ay itinakda ng konstitusyon.
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY- maihahalintulad sa isang diktator siya ang tanging may kapangyarihang pampamahalaan.
ARISTOKRASYA- ang kapangyarihan ay hawak ng ilang mayaman o matalinong pangkat.
OLIGARKYA- ang kapangyarihan ay hawak ng ilang mayaman o matalinong pangkat.
PLUTOKRASYA- ang kapangyarihan ay nasa pinaka mayamang o matalinong pangkat.
DIKTATORYAL- ang kapangyarihan ay nasa diktador.
TOTALITAYAN- ay isang pamahalaan na ang namumuno ay isang pangkat o grupo.
DEMOKRATIKO- ang kapangyarihan ng pamahalaan ay nasa tao,.
PAMPANGULUHAN- ang pinakamataas na pinuno any pangulo.
YUNITARYO- ang pinagmumulan ng mga ipinatutupad na gawain ay ang sentral o pambansang pamahalaan.
PEDERAL- ang kapangyarihan ay nahahati sa dalawa pambansang nasyonal at pamahalaang lokal.
TEOKRASYA- kung saan kinikilala ang pinuno bilang panginoon at mga diwata o mga anito.
FEUDALISMO- pinamumunuan ng legal at militar, sinusunod na batas ay militar.
KOMUNISTA- pamahalaan kung saan isang partido lamang ang sistema at ang pagkakaroon ng pantay- pantay sa lahat.
KRITORCHY- isang sistemang pulitekal kung saan tumatangap ng pantay-pantay sa hustisya sa lahat ng konseptong karapatang natural.
OESPOTIOMO- pinamumunuan ng isang autoridad.
COOPORATOCRACY- nag lalarawan ng pamumuno ng isang korporasyon.
KRYTOCRACY- pinamumunuan ng nmga hurado.
PARLAMENTARYO- pinaka mataas na pinuno ay punong ministro.
AUTHORITARIANISM- ang kapangyarihan ay kinokontrol sa pamamagitan ng pagsunod sa isang autoridad ng estado o orginasyon.
Three of the most significant imaginary lines running across the surface of the earth are the equator, the Tropic of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn. While the equator is the longest line of latitude on the earth (the line where the earth is widest in an east-west direction), the tropics are based on the sun's position in relation to the earth at two points of the year.
The equator is located at zero degrees latitude. The equator divides the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn each lie at 23.5 degrees latitude. The Tropic of Cancer is located at 23.5° North of the equator and runs through Mexico, the Bahamas, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, and southern China. The Tropic of Capricorn lies at 23.5° South of the equator and runs through Australia, Chile, southern Brazil (Brazil is the only country that passes through both the equator and a tropic), and northern South Africa.
The tropics are the two lines where the sun is directly overhead at noon on the two solstices - near June and December 21.
The sun is directly overhead at noon on the Tropic of Cancer on June 21 (the beginning of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of winter in the Southern Hemisphere) and
the sun is directly overhead at noon on the Tropic of Capricorn on December 21 (the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of summer in the Southern Hemisphere).
The area bounded by the Tropic of Cancer on the north and Tropic of Capricorn on the south is known as the "tropics." This area does not experience seasons because the sun is always high in the sky. Only higher latitudes, north of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of Capricorn, experience significant seasonal variation in climate.
While the equator divides the earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, it is the Prime Meridian at zero degrees longitude and the line of longitude opposite the Prime Meridian (near the International Date Line) at 180 degrees longitude that divides the earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The Eastern Hemisphere consists of Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia while the Western Hemisphere includes North and South America. Some geographers place the boundaries between the hemispheres at 20° West and 160° East so as to not run through Europe and Africa.
Civics term
a sketch: krokis
monopolyo- In economics, exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient control over a particular product or service to determine significantly the terms on which other individuals shall have access to it.[1] Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition for the good or service that they provide
pakikipagtalastasan- communication
Ang heograpiya isang siyensa tungo sa pagbabahagi (distribution) at pagsasaayos (arrangement) sa mga elementong matatagpuan sa ibabaw ng mundo.
Bukod dito, ito rin ay isang pagaaral tungkol sa mundo; ang mga katangian nito; ang pagsisimula ng buhay, kasama ang buhay ng tao at aktibidad ng tao.
Malayang kalakalan= free trade
Barter= in which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods and/or services, without the use of money.[1] It can be bilateral or multilateral, and usually exists parallel to monetary systems in most developed countries, though to a very limited extent. Barter usually replaces money as the method of exchange
Datos= data
Direction:
hilaga
hil´aga' n. north
timog
t´imog n. south
silangan
Sil´angan n. east, Orient
kanluran
kanl´uran n. west
a sketch: krokis
monopolyo- In economics, exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient control over a particular product or service to determine significantly the terms on which other individuals shall have access to it.[1] Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition for the good or service that they provide
pakikipagtalastasan- communication
Ang heograpiya isang siyensa tungo sa pagbabahagi (distribution) at pagsasaayos (arrangement) sa mga elementong matatagpuan sa ibabaw ng mundo.
Bukod dito, ito rin ay isang pagaaral tungkol sa mundo; ang mga katangian nito; ang pagsisimula ng buhay, kasama ang buhay ng tao at aktibidad ng tao.
Malayang kalakalan= free trade
Barter= in which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods and/or services, without the use of money.[1] It can be bilateral or multilateral, and usually exists parallel to monetary systems in most developed countries, though to a very limited extent. Barter usually replaces money as the method of exchange
Datos= data
Direction:
hilaga
hil´aga' n. north
timog
t´imog n. south
silangan
Sil´angan n. east, Orient
kanluran
kanl´uran n. west
Sunday, February 8, 2009
Journey-Lea Salonga
Half the world is sleeping,
half the world's awake
half can hear their hearts beat
half just hear them break
I am but a traveler, in most every way
Ask me what you want...to know
What a journey it has been
And the end is not in sight
But the stars are out tonight
and they're bound to guide my way
When they're shining on my life
I can see a better day
I won't let the darkness in,
what a journey it has been.
I have been to sorrow
I have been to bliss
Where I'll be tomorrow,
I can only guess
Through the darkest desert
Through the deepest snow,
Forward always forward, I go..
What a journey it has been
and the end is not in sight
But the stars are out tonight
and they're bound to guide my way
When they're shining on my life
I can see a better day
I won't let the darkness in,
what a journey it has been...
Forward, always forward...
Onward, always up...
Catching every drop of hope
In my empty cup
What a journey it has been
And the end is not in sight
But the stars are out tonight
and they're bound to guide my way
When they're shining on my life
I can see a better day
I won't let the darkness in,
what a journey it has been...
What a journey it has been...
half the world's awake
half can hear their hearts beat
half just hear them break
I am but a traveler, in most every way
Ask me what you want...to know
What a journey it has been
And the end is not in sight
But the stars are out tonight
and they're bound to guide my way
When they're shining on my life
I can see a better day
I won't let the darkness in,
what a journey it has been.
I have been to sorrow
I have been to bliss
Where I'll be tomorrow,
I can only guess
Through the darkest desert
Through the deepest snow,
Forward always forward, I go..
What a journey it has been
and the end is not in sight
But the stars are out tonight
and they're bound to guide my way
When they're shining on my life
I can see a better day
I won't let the darkness in,
what a journey it has been...
Forward, always forward...
Onward, always up...
Catching every drop of hope
In my empty cup
What a journey it has been
And the end is not in sight
But the stars are out tonight
and they're bound to guide my way
When they're shining on my life
I can see a better day
I won't let the darkness in,
what a journey it has been...
What a journey it has been...
When you wish upon a star-Lea Salonga
(N. Washington/L. Harling)
When you wish upon a star
Makes no difference who you are
Anything your heart desires
Will come to you
If your heart is in a dream
No request is too extreme
When you wish upon a star
Your dreams come true
Refrain:
Fate is kind
She brings to those who love
The sweet fulfillment of
Their secret longing
Like a bolt out on the blue
Fate steps in and sees you through
When you wish upon a star
Your dreams come true
(Repeat Refrain and last stanza)
Lea Salonga WHEN YOU WISH UPON A STAR lyrics
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